Reading for this week:
•Paxton and Hessler, Europe in the Twentieth Century, Chapters 1, 2
Emmeline Pankhurst,My Own Story (1914), excerpt
F. T. Marinetti, 'Manifesto of Futurism' (1909)
Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Pdf Creator 9/1/2019 EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY is a comprehensive text with a teachable chronological approach that is a bestseller because of its depth and breadth of coverage as well as the strength of its scholarship and the reputation of its authors. Paxton, Robert O., Europe in the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed., Fort Worth. This book list for those who looking for to read and enjoy the The Anatomy Of Fascism, you can read or download Pdf/ePub books and don't forget to give credit to the trailblazing authors.
IMPERIAL EUROPE
AT ITS HEIGHT
INTRODUCTION: ON THE EDGE OF THE ABYSS
I. WHY DIDN’T THEY SEE IT COMING? THE HUNDRED YEARS’ PEACE, 1815-1914
II. A QUICK TOUR OF THE GREAT POWERS
III. LIBERAL VISIONS
IV. DISSATISFIED CHALLENGERS
V. NATIONALISM AS A DISPUPTIVE FORCE
VI. REBELLIOUS ARTISTS (AND ANXIOUS LIBERALS)
World War I (“The Great War”) 1914-1918
World War II 1939-1945
defeat of Napoleon (1814/15)
mid-19th century wars (1854-1871--national unification of Germany, Italy
revolutions of 1848
reasons why Europeans didn't see the catastrophes ahead:
1. historical expectations: the 'hundred years' peace,' 1815-1914
2. diplomacy: defensive alliances (which then become entagling alliances)
3. self-confidence about European superiority
(and perhaps 4: some wanted war; they underestimated what it would mean)
pre-1914 alliance systems:
Triple Entente (Great Britain - France – Russian Empire)
Triple Alliance (German Empire – Austro-Hungarian Empire - Italy)
Ottoman Empire
Europe's 'Great Powers' and European alliances on the eve of WWI:
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_26_586.gif
'The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep; he could at the same moment and by the same means adventure his wealth in the natural resources and new enterprises of any quarter of the world, and share, without exertion or even trouble, in their prospective fruits and advantages…But most important of all, he regarded this state of affairs as normal, certain, and permanent, and any deviation from it as aberrant, scandalous, and avoidable.' [emphasis added]
--John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1920)
Africa in 1914: European colonies and spheres of influence
This is one way to understand what Keynes is saying about Europeans' feelings of superiority and an ability to command the resources of the world:
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_25_575.gif
The Great Powers
1. Great Britain 2. Germany 3. France 4. Austria-Hungary 5. Russia
you should begin to learn the distinctive features of each of these states (or regions of Europe, since the land empires will collapse by the end of WWI)
note: all are empires, some are also nation-states
some have overseas colonial empires, others are European land empires
liberalism
“classical,” or 18th-19th century liberalism
the twentieth century as the crisis of liberalism
•definition: the good of the individual is the highest good in society.
consequence: social and political arrangements should be made to promote that good and be judged by their ability to do so.
•underlying assumption: an optimistic belief in the power of human reason to understand the world and promote individual flourishing and social progress.
• policy consequences:
1. for politics: limited government (civil liberties, constitutions, parliamentary government)
2. for economics: laissez-faire capitalism (free, self-regulating market)
3. for society and culture: belief in education and the public sphere (press, voluntary associations)
4. for knowledge: modern science as a progressive force
Note: nineteenth-century liberals disagreed among themselves about political democracy
1890-1914 as the first wave of globalization (reread the Keynes quote above)
Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (1910): a guarded case for liberal optimism
1. wars of conquest are futile and self-defeating
2. economic interdependence makes prolonged war impossible
bottom line: militarism is obsolete
World colonial holdings, ca. 1900
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_25_578.gif
Dissatisfied Challengers
•democrats
(but what is democracy? and what is needed to secure it? a recurring theme in this course)
•socialists (especially Social Democratic parties and Labour party in GB)
•right-wing populists (proto-fascist, localized and sporadic)
•feminists: see Emmeline Pankhurst,My Own Story (1914)
•emigrants (massive out-migration from southern and eastern Europe)
•dissatisfied nationalities (e.g. Irish, Poles, Czechs, and Serbs--see below)
Socialism (or Social Democracy)
Second International (association of Socialist parties)
SPD: German Social Democratic Party / 1912 electoral turning point
'scientific socialism' (Marx and Engels):
goals: 1. end capitalist exploitation of workers; 2. create a planned economy based on social ownership of the means of production; 3. solidarity among workers
means: subject of an ongoing debate among socialists
class struggle? revolution? or evolutionary socialism though gradual political and economic gains?
note that there are also non-Marxist forms of socialism--syndicalism and anarchism
Right-wing populism ('proto-fascist' movements)
before WWI, local and temporary movements (contrast w/socialism)
characteristics:
1. intense nationalism
2. motivated by ethnic rivalry and hostility ('backlash'--e.g. pan-Germanism)
3. anti-Semitic rhetoric and appeal
4. authoritarian political solutions
5. but a rebellious tone and disruptive tactics
6. support: lower middle class
Feminism
first-wave feminism: equal political, legal, civil rights
socialist feminism (problems of working-class women)
e.g. Great Britain: WPSU (Women's Social and Political Union)--
Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst
Nationalism
two big questions about nationalism:
1. Why was nationalism such a powerful and dangerous force in the first half of the twentieth century? What were its effects?
2. Why does nationalism seem to have declined in Europe since the middle of the century?
elements of modern nationalism
1. nationality = belief in an identity, defined by culture (language, traditions, ethnicity) or by “race”
2. statehood = belief that a nationality has the right to political self-determination in a nation-state
3. territory = belief in the right of the nation state to control a territory that includes (all?) the members of the nationality
4. identification = intense personal identification with and loyalty to the national group and/or the nation-state (sacrifice/die/kill)
5. rivalry = does all this imply conflict among nation-states?
Nationalism as a disruptive force on the eve of World War I:
1. as fuel for “Great Power” rivalries:
a. France vs. Germany (revenge for Franco-Prussian war?)
b. Austria-Hungary vs. Russia (expansion into Balkans in southeastern Europe w/collapse of Ottoman empire's power)
c. Great Britain vs. Germany (control of seas, arms race)
2. as the cause of unsatisfied nationalities: for example,
•Irish (part of United Kingdom)
•Poles (divided among German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires)
•Czechs (inside Austro-Hungarian empire, but without the self-determination rights of Hungarians)
•Serbs (have their own nation-state, but ethnic Serbs live in other, bordering states, esp. Bosnia)
and many others
map: linguistic groups in Austria-Hungary:
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH535.jpg
Italian Futurists / avant-garde artists
see F. T. Marinetti, 'Manifesto of Futurism' (1909)
as a response to theories of social and 'racial' degeneration
Umberto Boccioni, 'Unique Forms in Space' (1913)
Marinetti, MANIFESTO OF FUTURISM (1909)
We intend to sing the love of danger, the habit of energy and fearlessness.
Courage, audacity, and revolt will be essential elements of our poetry.
Up to now literature has exalted a pensive immobility, ecstasy, and sleep. We intend to exalt aggresive action, a feverish insomnia, the racer’s stride, the mortal leap, the punch and the slap.
We affirm that the world’s magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath—a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace.
We want to hymn the man at the wheel, who hurls the lance of his spirit across the Earth, along the circle of its orbit.
The poet must spend himself with ardor, splendor, and generosity, to swell the enthusiastic fervor of the primordial elements.
Except in struggle, there is no more beauty. No work without an aggressive character can be a masterpiece. Poetry must be conceived as a violent attack on unknown forces, to reduce and prostrate them before man.
We stand on the last promontory of the centuries!… Why should we look back, when what we want is to break down the mysterious doors of the Impossible? Time and Space died yesterday. We already live in the absolute, because we have created eternal, omnipresent speed.
We will glorify war—the world’s only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman.
We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice.
We will sing of great crowds excited by work, by pleasure, and by riot; we will sing of the multicolored, polyphonic tides of revolution in the modern capitals; we will sing of the vibrant nightly fervor of arsenals and shipyards blazing with violent electric moons; greedy railway stations that devour smoke-plumed serpents; factories hung on clouds by the crooked lines of their smoke; bridges that stride the rivers like giant gymnasts, flashing in the sun with a glitter of knives; adventurous steamers that sniff the horizon; deep-chested locomotives whose wheels paw the tracks like the hooves of enormous steel horses bridled by tubing; and the sleek flight of planes whose propellers chatter in the wind like banners and seem to cheer like an enthusiastic crowd.
_____________________________
anxious liberals
Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism
modernity as an 'iron cage' devoid of meaning and values
the rationalization of the modern world
Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams
psychoanalysis / the unconscious / sexuality
Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :Robert O. PaxtonISBN :9780495913191
Genre :History
File Size : 63.7 MB
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EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY is a comprehensive text with a teachable chronological approach that is a bestseller because of its depth and breadth of coverage as well as the strength of its scholarship and the reputation of its authors. With the help of new co-author, Julie Hessler, the Fifth Edition is enhanced to include greater coverage of the post-war period. In addition, socio-cultural issues have been brought to the forefront for both Eastern and Western Europe, including youth movements and feminism. The first half of the text has been streamlined to allow for these revisions. Finally, this edition includes several new photographs and updated maps. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :Roland N. StrombergISBN :STANFORD:36105019273965
Genre :History
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Recoge: 1. The Peoples and states of Europe on the eve of 1914 - 2. The coming of the great war - 3. The great war of 1914-1918 - 4. Europe transformed:The aftermath of war in the 1920s - 5. The dissolution of the ancestral order:culture and thought in the postwar era - 6. Depression and dictatorship in the 1930s - 7. The background of the second world war - 8. The second world,1939-1945 - 9. Europe and the cold war,1945-1956 - 10. The post-1945 recovery if western Europe - 11. Soviet communism after Stalin - 12. Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s - 13. The 1980s:dramatic decade - 14. The twentieth century winds down:Europe and the world in the 1990s - 15. Conclusion:In the dying century, a dying civilization?
A History Of Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :Eric Dorn BroseISBN :UOM:39015059281082
Genre :History
File Size : 57.20 MB
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This last century of European history is situated between a violent and authoritarian past and the dawn of a more democratic and peaceful period--an era that may represent the future. Written in a vivid and accessible style, A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century examines the continent's descent into the turmoil of two world wars, the tense cold war standoff between the victors, and finally the beginning of a more tranquil and egalitarian age. Rather than viewing Europe's history from an outdated perspective colored by cold war ideology, Eric Dorn Brose discusses these topics from a contemporary point of view, looking backward at the total impact of major events on the European world. A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century is organized chronologically around five main themes: * war and the quest for alternatives * ethnic and racial belligerency and the effort to create harmony * authoritarianism and the struggle for democracy * technological revolutions and systems * elite and popular culture This thematic approach allows students to focus on separate specific aspects of the history of this troubled century, while striving for a composite view. Brose also dedicates special subsections of the text to extensive discussions of the peace movement, gender relations, the Holocaust, cultural developments, the rise of the EU, and today's terrorist threats. Each chapter begins with a vignette related to chapter themes and subject matter. There is also a historiographical component to A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century, making it ideal for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in twentieth-century Europe.
Atlas Of Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :Richard CramptonISBN :9781317799511
Genre :History
File Size : 63.99 MB
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Marshalling 129 maps, numerous diagrams and incisive textual commentary, the Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century draws a definitive picture of the changing shape of Eastern and some of central Europe from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, charting the emergence of a volatile world from the abrupt collapse of the communist system. An invaluable guide to a complex subject, this Atlas: * gives a general introduction to the physical, ethnic and religious composition of the region * includes summary maps of Eastern Europe in 1900, 1923, 1945 and 1994 * charts the ebb and flow of the first and second world wars in Eastern Europe * presents detailed information relating to consituent territories, elections, economic developments, land holding patterns for key individual countries in the inter-war years * provides crucial social and economic data, evidencing changes under communist domination * gives maps of the new states of the post-communist years with details of elections and economic indicators for Albania, Belarus, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, The Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Slovakia, and others. * contains an extensive glossary listing the major towns of the area under their linguistic variants
Europe In The 20th Century
Author :George LichtheimISBN :0297643835
Genre :History
File Size : 57.63 MB
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The great upheavals of the twentieth century have completely altered the shape of Europe, and Europe's role in international affairs. George Lichtheim analyses the profound changes in intellectual, artistic and religious awareness which were both cause and consequence of the decay of traditional bourgeois-liberal culture. Factors such as nationalism, socialism, the European civil war between communist and fascist movements after 1919, and the decline of the nation state are interwoven with concerns such as changes in the quality of life and the rise of technocratic forms of government to create a compelling and comprehensive account of European civilisation between 1900 and 1970. First published in 1972 as part of Weidenfeld and Nicolson's History of Civilisation series.
Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century And After
Author :R. J. CramptonISBN :9781134712212
Genre :History
File Size : 79.2 MB
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Covering all key Eastern European states and their history right up to the collapse of communism, this second edition of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After is a comprehensive political history of Eastern Europe taking in the whole of the century and the geographical area. Focusing on the attempt to create and maintain a functioning democracy, this new edition now: examines events in Bosnia and Herzegovina includes a new consideration of the evolution of the region since the revolutions of 1989–91 surveys the development of a market economy analyzes the realignment of Eastern Europe towards the West details the emergence of organized crime discusses each state individually includes an up-to-date bibliography. Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After provides an accessible introduction to this key area which is invaluable to students of modern and political history.
The United States And Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :David RyanISBN :9781317883906
Genre :History
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The relationship between the US and Europe in the 20th century is one of the key considerations in any understanding of international relations/international history during this period. David Ryan first sets the context by looking at the trends and traditions of America’s foreign relations in the 19th century, and then considers the changing nature of America's vision of Europe from 1900 to the present. The book examines America’s response to and involvement in the two World Wars, including the structure of international power after the First World War and American reaction to the rise of Nazi Germany. American/European relations during the Cold War (1945-1970) are discussed, and Ryan considers the contentious debate that America was trying to establish an empire by invitation. Finally, the book looks at the ever-increasing unification of Europe and how this has affected America's role and influence.
Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :R. J. CramptonISBN :0415053463
Genre :Europe, Eastern
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Intended for the student and general reader alike, this book offers a comprehensive examination of Eastern Europe, providing a summary of the political evolution of the area.
A Social History Of Twentieth Century Europe
Author :Béla TomkaISBN :9780415628433
Genre :History
File Size : 52.76 MB
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A Social History of Twentieth-Century Europe offers a systematic overview on major aspects of social life, including population, family and households, social inequalities and mobility, the welfare state, work, consumption and leisure, social cleavages in politics, urbanization as well as education, religion and culture. It also addresses major debates and diverging interpretations of historical and social research regarding the history of European societies in the past one hundred years. Organized in ten thematic chapters, this book takes an interdisciplinary approach, making use of the methods and results of not only history, but also sociology, demography, economics and political science. Béla Tomka presents both the diversity and the commonalities of European societies looking not just to Western European countries, but Eastern, Central and Southern European countries as well. A perfect introduction for all students of European history.
Grant And Temperley S Europe In The Twentieth Century 1905 1970
Author :Arthur James GrantISBN :1138135267
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This introductory survey covers all aspects of the period when Britain was transformed into an industrial, urban society, with political power in the hands of the middle class.
Europe In The Twentieth Century London Weidenfeld And Nicolson
Author :George LichtheimISBN :0297994700
Genre :Europe
File Size : 43.12 MB
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Food And War In Twentieth Century Europe
Author :Rachel DuffettISBN :9781317134411
Genre :Social Science File Size : 59.18 MB
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Wars cannot be fought and sustained without food and this unique collection explores the impact of war on food production, allocation and consumption in Europe in the twentieth century. A comparative perspective which incorporates belligerent, occupied and neutral countries provides new insights into the relationship between food and war. The analysis ranges from military provisioning and systems of food rationing to civilians' survival strategies and the role of war in stimulating innovation and modernization.
Missed Chances
Author :Roy DenmanISBN :STANFORD:36105070508069
Genre :Europe
File Size : 82.82 MB
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Originally published in 1996 and now available in paperback, an examination of British relationships with Europe over the last century, which looks at various problems and identifies four key factors which have caused difficulties in Anglo-European relations.
Musicking In Twentieth Century Europe
Author :Klaus NathausISBN :9783110648218
Genre :History
File Size : 64.42 MB
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Music has gained the increasing attention of historians. Research has branched out to explore music-related topics, including creative labor, economic histories of music production, the social and political uses of music, and musical globalization. This handbook both covers the history of music in Europe and probes its role for the making of Europe during a 'long' twentieth century. It offers concise guidance to key historical trends as well as the most important research on central topics within the field.
The Columbia History Of Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century
Author :Joseph HeldISBN :0231076975
Genre :History
File Size : 20. 92 MB
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A history of Eastern Europe focuses on the historical and political contexts of the rapidly unfolding events in the region, offering maps and interpretive histories of each country
The Fontana Economic History Of Europe The Twentieth Century
Author :Carlo M. CipollaISBN :STANFORD:36105002321755
Genre :Europe
File Size : 33.41 MB
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Eastern European Nationalism In The Twentieth Century
Author :Peter F. SugarISBN :UOM:39015034895816
Genre :History
File Size : 90.84 MB
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Poppen (professor and coordinator of the Behavior Analysis and Therapy Program at Southern Illinois U.-Carbondale) provides a broad overview of Wolpe's life and the major impact that his methods and theories have had on psychotherapy, compelling practitioners to address issues of effectiveness and accountability. (Paper edition (unseen), $18.95. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Out Of Ashes
Author :Konrad H. JarauschISBN :9780691173078
Genre :History
File Size : 60.60 MB
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A sweeping history of twentieth-century Europe, Out of Ashes tells the story of an era of unparalleled violence and barbarity yet also of humanity, prosperity, and promise. Konrad Jarausch describes how the European nations emerged from the nineteenth century with high hopes for continued material progress and proud of their imperial command over the globe, only to become embroiled in the bloodshed of World War I, which brought an end to their optimism and gave rise to competing democratic, communist, and fascist ideologies. He shows how the 1920s witnessed renewed hope and a flourishing of modernist art and literature, but how the decade ended in economic collapse and gave rise to a second, more devastating world war and genocide on an unprecedented scale. Jarausch further explores how Western Europe surprisingly recovered due to American help and political integration. Finally, he examines how the Cold War pushed the divided continent to the brink of nuclear annihilation, and how the unforeseen triumph of liberal capitalism came to be threatened by Islamic fundamentalism, global economic crisis, and an uncertain future. A gripping narrative, Out of Ashes explores the paradox of the European encounter with modernity in the twentieth century, shedding new light on why it led to cataclysm, inhumanity, and self-destruction, but also social justice, democracy, and peace.
Women In Twentieth Century Europe
Author :Ann T. Allen
ISBN :9781137065186
Genre :History
File Size : 55.66 MB
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Women's lives changed more in the Twentieth century than in any previous century. It was a period of transformation, not only of the political realm, but also the household, family and workplace. Ranging widely over Europe, this fascinating account is one of the first comprehensive surveys of its kind.
Sexuality In Europe
Author :Dagmar HerzogISBN :9781139500739
Genre :History
File Size : 28.16 MB
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Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Pdf
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Europe In The Twentieth Century Paxton Jones
This original book brings a fascinating and accessible account of the tumultuous history of sexuality in Europe from the waning of Victorianism to the collapse of Communism and the rise of European Islam. Although the twentieth century is often called 'the century of sex' and seen as an era of increasing liberalization, Dagmar Herzog instead emphasizes the complexities and contradictions in sexual desires and behaviours, the ambivalences surrounding sexual freedom, and the difficulties encountered in securing sexual rights. Incorporating the most recent scholarship on a broad range of conceptual problems and national contexts, the book investigates the shifting fortunes of marriage and prostitution, contraception and abortion, queer and straight existence. It analyzes sexual violence in war and peace, the promotion of sexual satisfaction in fascist and democratic societies, the role of eugenics and disability, the politicization and commercialization of sex, and processes of secularization and religious renewal.
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